Shivaji (1627-1680): His Life and ConquestsShivaji was born at Shivner in 1627. His father was ShahjiBhonsle and mother Jija Bai. He inherited the jagir of Poona fromhis father in 1637. After the death of hisguardian, Dadaji Kondadev in 1647, Shivajiassumed full charge of his jagir. Even beforethat he conquered Raigarh, Kondana andTorna from the ruler of Bijapur.He captured Javli from a Marathachief, Chanda Rao More. This made him themaster of Mavala region. In 1657, heattacked the Bijapur kingdom and captureda number of hill forts in the Konkan region. The Sultan of Bijapursent Afzal Khan against Shivaji. But Afzal Khan was murdered byShivaji in 1659 in a daring manner.
Shivaji’s military conquests made him a legendary figure inthe Maratha region. Many came forward to join his army. TheMughal emperor Aurangazeb was anxiously watching the rise ofMaratha power under Shivaji. He sent the Mughal governor of theDeccan, Shaista Khan against Shivaji. Shivaji suffered a defeat atthe hands of the Mughal forces and lost Poona. But Shivaji onceagain made a bold attack on Shaista Khan’s military camp at Poonain 1663, killed his son and wounded Khan. This daring attackaffected the prestige of Khan and he was recalled by Aurangazeb.In 1664, Shivaji attacked Surat, the chief port of the Mughals andplundered it.
This time Aurangazeb sent Raja Jai Singh of Amber to fightagainst Shivaji. He made elaborate preparations and succeeded inbesieging the Purander fort where Shivaji lodged his family andtreasure. Shivaji opened negotiations with Jai Singh and the Treatyof Purander was signed in 1665. According to the treaty, Shivajihad to surrender 23 forts to the Mughals out of 35 forts held byhim. The remaining 12 forts were to be left to Shivaji on conditionof service and loyalty to Mughal empire. On the other hand, theMughals recognized the right of Shivaji to hold certain parts of theBijapur kingdom. As Shivaji asked to exempt him from personalservice to the Mughals, his minor son Shambaji was granted amansab of 5000.
Shivaji visited Agra in 1666 but he was imprisoned there.But, he managed to escape from prison and made militarypreparations for another four years. Then he renewed his warsagainst the Mughals. Surat was plundered by him for the secondtime in 1670. He also captured all his lost territories by his conquests.In 1674 Shivaji crowned himself at Raigarh and assumed the titleChatrapathi. Then he led an expedition into the Carnatic region andcaptured Ginjee and Vellore. After his return from this expedition,Shivaji died in 1680.
Shivaji’s Administration
Shivaji was also a great administrator. He laid the foundationsof a sound system of administration. The king was the pivot of thegovernment. He was assisted by a council of ministers calledAshtapradhan. However, each minister was directly responsible toShivaji.
1. Peshwa – Finance and general administration. Later he becamethe prime minister.
2. Sar-i-Naubat or Senapati – Military commander, a honorarypost.
3. Amatya – Accountant General.
4. Waqenavis – Intelligence, posts and household affairs.
5. Sachiv – Correspondence.
6. Sumanta – Master of ceremonies.
7. Nyayadish – Justice.
8. Panditarao – Charities and religious administration.Most of the administrative reforms of Shivaji were based onthe practices of the Deccan sultanates. For example, Peshwa wasthe Persian title.
The revenue system of Shivaji was based on that of Malik Amber of Ahmadnagar. Lands were measured by using the measuring rod called kathi. Lands were also classified into three categories – paddy fields, garden lands and hilly tracks. He reduced the powers of the existing deshmuks and kulkarnis. He appointed his own revenue officials called karkuns.
Chauth and sardeshmukhi were the taxes collected not in the Maratha kingdom but in the neighbouring territories of the Mughal empire or Deccan sultanates. Chauth was one fourth of the land revenue paid to the Marathas in order to avoid the Maratha raids. Sardeshmukhi was an additional levy of ten percent on those lands which the Marathas claimed hereditary rights.
Shivaji was a man of military genius and his army was well organized. The regular army consisted of about 30000 to 40000 cavalry supervised by havaildars. They were given fixed salaries. There were two divisions in the Maratha cavalry – 1. bargirs, equipped and paid by the state; and 2. silahdars, maintained by the nobles. In the infantry, the Mavli foot soldiers played an important role. Shivaji also maintained a navy.
The forts played an important role in the military operations of the Marathas. By the end of his reign, Shivaji had about 240 forts. Each fort was put under the charge of three officers of equal rank as a precaution against treachery.
Shivaji was really a constructive genius and nation-builder. His rise from jagirdar to Chatrapathi was spectacular. He unified the Marathas and remained a great enemy of the Mughal empire. He was a daring soldier and a brilliant administrator.
Successors of Shivaji
There ensued a war of succession after the death of Shivaji between his sons, Shambaji and Rajaram. Shambaji emerged
victorious but later he was captured and executed by the Mughals. Rajaram succeeded the throne but the Mughals made him to flee to the Ginjee fort. He died at Satara. He was succeeded by his minor son Shivaji II with his mother Tara Bai as regent. The next ruler was Shahu in whose reign the Peshwas rose to power.
This time Aurangazeb sent Raja Jai Singh of Amber to fightagainst Shivaji. He made elaborate preparations and succeeded inbesieging the Purander fort where Shivaji lodged his family andtreasure. Shivaji opened negotiations with Jai Singh and the Treatyof Purander was signed in 1665. According to the treaty, Shivajihad to surrender 23 forts to the Mughals out of 35 forts held byhim. The remaining 12 forts were to be left to Shivaji on conditionof service and loyalty to Mughal empire. On the other hand, theMughals recognized the right of Shivaji to hold certain parts of theBijapur kingdom. As Shivaji asked to exempt him from personalservice to the Mughals, his minor son Shambaji was granted amansab of 5000.
Shivaji visited Agra in 1666 but he was imprisoned there.But, he managed to escape from prison and made militarypreparations for another four years. Then he renewed his warsagainst the Mughals. Surat was plundered by him for the secondtime in 1670. He also captured all his lost territories by his conquests.In 1674 Shivaji crowned himself at Raigarh and assumed the titleChatrapathi. Then he led an expedition into the Carnatic region andcaptured Ginjee and Vellore. After his return from this expedition,Shivaji died in 1680.
Shivaji’s Administration
Shivaji was also a great administrator. He laid the foundationsof a sound system of administration. The king was the pivot of thegovernment. He was assisted by a council of ministers calledAshtapradhan. However, each minister was directly responsible toShivaji.
1. Peshwa – Finance and general administration. Later he becamethe prime minister.
2. Sar-i-Naubat or Senapati – Military commander, a honorarypost.
3. Amatya – Accountant General.
4. Waqenavis – Intelligence, posts and household affairs.
5. Sachiv – Correspondence.
6. Sumanta – Master of ceremonies.
7. Nyayadish – Justice.
8. Panditarao – Charities and religious administration.Most of the administrative reforms of Shivaji were based onthe practices of the Deccan sultanates. For example, Peshwa wasthe Persian title.
Chauth and sardeshmukhi were the taxes collected not in the Maratha kingdom but in the neighbouring territories of the Mughal empire or Deccan sultanates. Chauth was one fourth of the land revenue paid to the Marathas in order to avoid the Maratha raids. Sardeshmukhi was an additional levy of ten percent on those lands which the Marathas claimed hereditary rights.
Shivaji was a man of military genius and his army was well organized. The regular army consisted of about 30000 to 40000 cavalry supervised by havaildars. They were given fixed salaries. There were two divisions in the Maratha cavalry – 1. bargirs, equipped and paid by the state; and 2. silahdars, maintained by the nobles. In the infantry, the Mavli foot soldiers played an important role. Shivaji also maintained a navy.
The forts played an important role in the military operations of the Marathas. By the end of his reign, Shivaji had about 240 forts. Each fort was put under the charge of three officers of equal rank as a precaution against treachery.
Shivaji was really a constructive genius and nation-builder. His rise from jagirdar to Chatrapathi was spectacular. He unified the Marathas and remained a great enemy of the Mughal empire. He was a daring soldier and a brilliant administrator.
Successors of Shivaji
There ensued a war of succession after the death of Shivaji between his sons, Shambaji and Rajaram. Shambaji emerged
victorious but later he was captured and executed by the Mughals. Rajaram succeeded the throne but the Mughals made him to flee to the Ginjee fort. He died at Satara. He was succeeded by his minor son Shivaji II with his mother Tara Bai as regent. The next ruler was Shahu in whose reign the Peshwas rose to power.
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